Biography of Nikola Tesla Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The young scientist thus started his experiments to make an ac motor by using the forces of â€Å"magnetism and induction† (Burgan, 35). At that time, Thomas Alva Edison was establishing â€Å"companies in Europe to provide electric power for lighting and street cars† (Burgan, 37). Nikola’s boss in the telegraph company secured him a job there, in France (Burgan, 35). In 1884, one of his bosses again came to his help. The head of the Paris operations of the Edison’s company assigned him to New York to work with Edison himself (Burgan, 39). And he soon impressed Edison with his skills. Edison offered fifty thousand dollars to Tesla if he could improve the DC generators used in Edison’s power stations (Burgan, 42). But when he finished his work, he realized that Edison had told him that as a joke and disappointed by this, Tesla quit the job (Burgan, 43). Soon Tesla started his company, ‘Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing’, producing ac motors, transformers and distribution systems (Rajvanshi, 6). Ac motor was built by him, based on the rotating magnetic field (Seifer, 56). We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of Nikola Tesla or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now But his investors had some disagreement with his ideas of ac motor and he was thrown out (Rajvanshi, 6). After this, he had work as a laborer for almost one year to make a living. In 1887, Tesla designed and made the  brushless  alternating current  induction motor and demonstrated it before the engineers of American Institute of Electrical Engineers (Rajvanshi, 6). Soon he joined the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company in its Pittsburgh labs (Rajvanshi, 6). In 1891, Tesla established his own laboratory, the South  Fifth Avenue  laboratory and in the same year proved that wireless transmission of electric energy was possible (Seifer, 57-58). In 1890, when Nikola Tesla showed for the first time that high frequency current can heat up meat and this became the basic theory behing the invention of micro wave oven (Rajvanshi, 7). He created the Tesla generator in 1895. In 1894, Tesla had also publicized a model of wireless communication through radio. Slowly, Tesla became one of the most popular scientists of his time. At the same time, â€Å"a war of currents† raged between Edison’s company and Westinghouse (Rajvanshi, 8). Westinghouse had bought Tesla’s patents in 1889. Before Tesla invented the rotating magnetic field, all the electricity generating factories had to stay close to rivers (Seifer, 56). But Teslaâ €™s invention got rid of the need to have commutators and all the coal-operated power stations also could be got rid of (Seifer, 56).

The Theory Of Counseling And Therapy Theories - 6153 Words

Summary * Influences of Theories--How counseling theories influence your understanding of how to work with consumers with disabilities. The theories we learned provided a broad-based understanding of numerous factors related to the evolution of counseling and therapy theories and practices, along with new counseling and therapy skills. The important premise that underscores one of the central challenges of counseling and psychotherapy is that we are all in the same world, but each of us makes different sense of what we see and experience. That is, to understand the different ways that clients perceive their strengths and problems as well as the way they make meaning of the world in which they are situated. As counseling students we can begin to acquire a counseling style tailored to our own personality by familiarizing our self with the major approaches to therapeutic practice. The therapeutic approaches we have learned has useful dimensions, every theory offers us a unique contribution to understanding human behavior and has unique implications. For example, the psychodynamic school aims to increase client’s abilities to exercise greater conscious control over their lives, in which analysis or interpretation of dreams can be a central part of therapy. The humanistic school emphasizes the better qualities of humankind and people’s abilities to develop their human potential. The cognitive behavior school broadens behavior therapy to incorporate the contribution of how peopleShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Counseling And Therapy3130 Words   |  13 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster, theory is defined as an idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events. In every profession, theories are necessary to help determine if facts are credible. Credible theories are based on ideas, observations, and research. They have been tested in studies to see if they are effective (Gladding, 2005). For a theory to be considered as a good theory, it must meet certain criteria. It must be clear and easy to understand, comprehensive, written in a wayRead MoreTheory Of Counseling And The Therapy Process997 Words   |  4 Pages Theories of counseling are basic tools used in the therapy process. An interesting component of these tools is the person-centered therapy. The person-centered theory was founded by Carl Rogers on the belief there is good in all human beings. Rogers s person-centered therapy is among the most influential and widely employed techniques in modern U.S. clinical psychology (Grant, 2015). Rogers believed with caring nurturing care the client could work out their issues. Additionally person-centeredRead MoreA Personal Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Counseling Essay2719 Words   |  11 PagesRunning head: A PERSONAL THEORY OF COGNITIVE- 1 A Personal Theory of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Counseling Mary L. Terry Student ID #: 22185762 Liberty University Abstract A counselor’s job is to journey along with their client and to provide insight and support to those who are at risk and those who are hurting and searching for comfort and acceptance. If the counselor is a Christian they will also want to share our Heavenly Father’s love with the counselee and help guide themRead MoreThe Comparison of Reality Therapy and Existential Theory in Addiction Counseling: The Case of Jack858 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Comparison of Reality Therapy and Existential Theory in Addiction Counseling: The Case of Jack Walden University The case of Jack illustrates a number of dilemmas faced by addiction counselors; namely, his resistance to treatment and external locus of control. Jack not only denies his need for counseling, but also denies that his alcohol use is any fault of his own. Thus, this paper will serve to analyze and evaluate two therapeutic approachesRead MoreIntegrated Approach For Counseling And Counseling1653 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated approach to counseling is when you combined theories to cover the clients’ feelings, cognitive patterns, and behavior (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). Each theory focuses one of these key components of a client but in counseling you need to focus on each of these to fully help a client. The key to integrative counseling is to have multiple theories function in harmony (Corey, Theory and Practice of Counseling and Pschotherapy 8e, 2009). PsychotherapyRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesbiblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacological intervention and cognitive and behavioral therapy. They are not wrong in using these techniques, but rather should seek the Lord and take a biblical approach in therapy. Part 1: Goal ofRead MoreContrasting Psycodynamic, Cognitive Behavioral and Person-Centered Counseling Theories1732 Words   |  7 PagesCounseling is a process that enables a person to sort out issues and reach decisions affecting their life. Often counseling is sought out at times of change or crisis, it need not be so, however, as counseling can also help us at any time of our life† (Woods, 2005). Counseling theories are used by counselors as part of their treatment plan for clients. There are many types of theories that counselors can choose from. These theories are usually hosen based on the client needs and what the counselorRead MoreCounseling Theory And Theory Of Counseling Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAs a counseling student, it is very important to formulate a counseling theory tailored to ones’ own personality and beliefs. A counselor may choose a single theory to model when practicing therapy or pick and choose components and techniques from various theori es, otherwise known as eclecticism. No theory is considered right or wrong. Understanding the different therapeutic approaches are important to effective counseling, however, counselors must also understand their own personal value, view ofRead MoreThe Inner And Sexual Life Of Clients1712 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction First, the counseling approaches that were addressed, focused on the inner and sexual life of clients. These Freudian and psychoanalytically based notions examined a patients past and early childhood experiences. They explored unconscious and repressed material and allowed the patient to relive their experiences and talk comfortably about them. The psychoanalysts looked at humans as automatons, going forward in a hypnotic way of living, driven hopelessly by deterministic forces. AlmostRead MoreUse Of Reality Therapy ( Rt ) Approach1342 Words   |  6 PagesI have chosen to use Reality Therapy (RT) approach. I have chosen this approach because it states that in this form of therapy it focuses on the present and not the past events. Knowing this, this theory may help Ana with her present negative emotions. In this paper I will be addressing the different concepts involved with RT, this includes the RT goals, intervention strategies, short-term and long-term counseling sessions, couns elor and client roles in the counseling, population social and cultural

Smartphone Usage Among Students Free Essays

string(56) " presence of factors that may facilitate the behaviour\." CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction: Smartphone Usage Mobile phones nowadays are addressed as smartphone as they offer more advanced connectivity and computing ability than a normal cell phone. The term smartphone refers to a programmable mobile phone that offers advanced capabilities and features that help individuals in their daily work and personal life (Euromonitor, 2010). We will write a custom essay sample on Smartphone Usage Among Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smartphone basically is the combination of both cell phone and a PDA. 70% of the world’s population own at least one mobile phone. In a telephone survey, 83% of respondents said that they owned a cell phone and 35% of the 2,277 U. S. dults said that they owned a smartphone. Literately, a smartphone is a handheld computer, as it is powerful enough to deliver various functionalities comparable to a computer. The release of dual-core processors smartphone recently has further reaffirmed this assertion. A research on 5013 US adult smartphone Internet users at the end of 2010 reveal the types of smartphone users. i. General Smartphone Usage: Cell phones have been a must have item in daily lives. With the invention of smartphones, owing a cell phone is no longer for calling; it has become a trend and is a substitute for computers, telephone and PDA. 1% uses smartphone to browse the Internet, 77% search, 68% use an application and 48% watch videos on their smartphone. ii. Action-Ori ented Searchers: Smartphones is used to find wide variety of information and to navigate the mobile internet. Search engine websites are the most visited websites with 77% of US smartphone users citing this. iii. Local Information Seekers: Smartphone is convenient because it users can easily access to information through internet and software provided. 95% of US smartphone users have looked for local information. iv. Purchase-driven Shoppers: Smartphones has been relatively useful for women because it provides shopping tools, from comparing prices, finding more product information to locating a retailer. 74% of US smartphone shoppers make a purchase, whether online, in-store, or on their phones. v. Reaching Mobile Consumers: Businesses never miss the opportunity to advertise their products. With smartphones, consumers are exposed cross-media and a majority of them notice mobile ads which lead to taking action on it. 82% notice mobile ads with half of take action, 35% visiting a website and 49% making a purchase. Figure 1. 1 Smartphone Penetrations across Global Markets Source: http://www. asymco. com/2011/12/13/global-smartphone-penetration-below-10/ (2011) Smartphones have penetrated many countries since its first launching. The number of users started to expand massively in 2010. Figure 1. 1 depicts Singapore to be the country with the most smartphone penetration in year 2011. 2. Smartphone usage in Malaysia With the popularity and functions offered in the phone, smartphones have seen an increase in terms of demand (Park and Chen, 2007). It is reported that in year 2010, 85% of Malaysians own mobile phones. Number of smartphones sold doubles within 12 months. In 2010, mobile phone industry in Malaysia started to boom. The overall value of the industry increased by 30 per cent compared to the year before. The main contributor to the good performance of the industry was the sales of smartphones. The number of units sold went two-fold growth of 208 per cent. Figure 1. 2 Smartphone and Internet Usage in Asia Source: http://www. malaysianwireless. com/2010/05/nsn-talks-about-lte-mobile-broadband/ Figure1. 2 shows that Malaysia is the fifth country in Asia with growing percentage of smartphone and internet usage. With mobile broadband becoming more widely available and affordable, it’s not surprising that a growing number of Malaysians are accessing the Internet via smartphones. Massive competition on mobile broadband industry causes the price of subscription become lower. This is an advantage to middle income people especially to students as they now have the ability to own a smartphone and utilise it with mobile internet. More than half of Malaysian consumers (55%) are using laptops and netbooks while eleven per cent said they are using smartphones which is a nine point gain from 2009. Almost two in ten (19%) Malaysians aged 20-24 access the Internet via their mobile phones. Figure 1. 3: Mobile and Smartphone Sales in Malaysia Source: http://marketresearchbulletin. com/? p=3636 The data from the Figure 1. 3 shows that the number of smartphones sold doubles from 2009 to 2010. Since the beginning of 2010, value sales of smartphones have been consistently increasing every month and occupied 72 per cent of the overall pie by December. Overall, close to two in five (38 per cent) mobile phone sets sold last year were smartphones. In Malaysia, it was found that smartphone sales totalled 172. 4 million units in year 2009, with a 23. 8 per cent increase from 2008 (Sidhu, 2010). This increment in sales was partly contributed by university students (Jacob and Isaac, 2008). 3. Research Problem Mobile phones have been more and more versatile and with smartphones, it makes communication convenient between and among individuals, especially students. Communication and life makes easy as smartphones provides Internet capability and functionalities that are similar to computers. Students nowadays are prone to using Social networking services (SNS) to spread information. With smartphones, students can instantly share ideas, activities, news, and interests anytime and anywhere. The problem therefore is to understand whether attitudes will affect the intention towards using smartphone among students. Attitude is a feeling, beliefs or opinion towards something. Positive attitude can result in beneficial usage of smartphones by students such as to use it as a medium of learning. On the others hand, negative attitude such as to abuse the use of smartphone will develop negative effects to the users such as incompetent and unable to meet deadlines and reduces the productivity which will affect the user overall daily routine. The next question that we want to research is on whether perceived behavioural control can influence the intention to use smartphones. Perceived behavioural control is an individual’s perceived ease or difficulty of performing the particular behaviour. It is linked to control beliefs, which refers to beliefs about the presence of factors that may facilitate the behaviour. You read "Smartphone Usage Among Students" in category "Essay examples" 4. Research Objectives Research objectives are the objective that we intend to achieve after identifying research problems. There are some of research objectives that are highlighted in this research. One of our main objectives of this research is to understand the determinants of attitude among students in using smartphones. We are going to find out the relationship of the key determinants such compatibility, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use in influencing the attitude. Secondly, the purpose of this research is to understand the factors that will influence the intention of students to use smartphones. Lastly, this study will also seek to understand the role of attitude on intension. 5. Research Questions In seeking to achieve the above objectives, this study attempts to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the key determinants of intention? 2) Does attitude moderate the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, observability, trialability, self-efficacy and intention? ) Does perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility, observability, trialability, self-efficacy influence intention to use? 6. Significance of Study The study is carried out to help us understand the key determinants of intention to use smartphones among students, using attitude as the moderator to the relationship. It helps us to have clearer picture on how the determinants will affect the intention of using smartpho nes among students by looking at the independent variables that are directly and indirectly affecting the dependent variable (actual use). Understanding the determinants for intention to use will raise awareness regarding usefulness of smartphones to students and will create higher level of acceptance to smartphone in the future. This study will help to give insight on the grey areas of smartphones and enable us to understand better the social and psychological factors that may affect the intention to use smartphone among students. The results from this study can be used by mobile phone manufacturers to improve the functions and elements in smartphone which will attract new users especially students and continue to bring extra benefits to the present users. In addition, this result can be used as a benchmark for smartphone manufacturers to be creative and innovative in developing new ideas that could help users especially students in learning process. Therefore, understanding the key factors that will increase the intention to use smartphone will result in better suitability in functions to students. 7. Definition of Key Terms Perceived Usefulness – defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance. Davis, 1989) Perceived Ease of Use – defined as the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort. (Davis, 1989) Compatibility – defined as the degree to which using an innovation is perceived as consistent with the existing sociocultural values and beliefs, past and present experiences, and needs of potential adopters. (Rogers, 1983) Observability – defined as the degree to which the results of an inn ovation are visible to others. (Rogers, 2003) Trialability – defined as the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis. Rogers, 2003) Self-Efficacy – The judgments an individual makes about his or her capability to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources and course of action needed to orchestrate future performance on a specific task. (Martocchio and Dulebohn, 1994) Attitude – A psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour† (Chaiken, 1993) Intention – the extent to which an individual intends to perform a specificbehavior. (Davis et al. ,1989). 8. Organization of the Report This research proposal is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 gives the background of the study. The purposes and research objectives have been put forth to guide the direction of the study. Chapter 2 reviews related literatures by previous researchers. Based on these literatures the theoretical framework and hypotheses are developed. Chapter 3 discusses the research methodology used in this research. Chapter 4 presents the result of the statistical analysis. Chapter 5 summarizes research findings, implications of the findings and limitation of the study. The concluding chapter also provides some suggestions for further studies. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. Introduction This chapter focuses on discussing the theories, the expansion of the theories to the present theoretical framework used in this research and the justification for the present model. 2. 2 Overview of the literature Various literatures from scholars in Malaysia and abroad were reviewed on the subject Theory Acceptance Model (TAM) and Innovation-Diffusion Theory (IDT). Among numerous perspectives that can be used to examine user acceptance and usage behavior of new technologies, TAM might be the most popular one. This model is derived from Fishbein Ajzen’s (1975) Theory of Reasoned Action. Davis (1986) developed TAM specifically for explaining and predicting user acceptance of computer technology. The goal of TAM is â€Å"to provide an explanation of the determinants of computer acceptance that is in general, capable of explaining user behavior across a broad range of end-user computing technologies and user populations, while at the same time being both parsimonious and theoretically justified†. The Technology Acceptance Model posits the determinants of user acceptance that may be able to explain a user’s behavior in regard to a general user’s computing technologies. The TAM claims that users evaluate the system based on the system’s ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU). If the system is easy to use and useful, a user would have a positive attitude toward the system (AT), which in turn causes a user’s actual intention to use (BI). Then, the intention creates a user’s decision to use the system. A previous study conducted by Park and Chen indicated that behavioral intention to use a smartphone was largely influenced by perceived usefulness and attitude toward using a smartphone. They further postulated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use positively determine attitudes toward using a smartphone. Kwon Zmud (1987) suggest that when discussing IDT-related subjects’ factors such as task, individual, organization, and environment as additional explanatory factors should be introduced. Task includes structure of the task, jurisdiction, and uncertainty. Individual factors include aspects such as education, age, experience, and personal specialties. Organizational factors include the support of higher-level management, the organizational structure, the involvedness of the users, and the quality of the product. Environmental factors include pressure from competitors, customer satisfaction, and marketing strategies. The context of smartphone adoption contains both individual factors and organizational diffusion. Previous innovation diffusion studies have suggested that innovation attributes affect an individual’s attitude of the innovation prior to adoption and may consequently influence the speed of adoptions. This study employed these attributes in building the theoretical basis for behavioral characteristics. These beliefs include, compatibility, trialability, self- efficacy and observability. 2. 3. Theory Acceptance Model (TAM) The TAM probably is the most popular theory explaining user acceptance and behavior related to new technologies. Davis (1989) developed the TAM and investigated the determinants of user acceptance that may explain a user’s behavior in regard to the user’s general attitude toward the use of computing technologies. According to the TAM, users evaluate the system based on the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of the system. If the system is perceived as easy to use and useful, a user would have a positive attitude toward the system, which in turn leads to the user’s intention to use the system. Then, the intention results in the user’s actual decision to use the system. We are using the Technology Acceptance Model to test the perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use about the intention to use smart phones among students. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has become a well-established robust model for predicting user acceptance (Davis, 1989; Davis, Bagozzi, Warsaw, 1989). TAM is one of the most influential extensions of Ajzen and Fishbein’s (1975) theory of reasoned action and specifies two key constructs that influence users’ attitudes, intentions, and behaviors related to technology adoption and use (Lippert Forman, 2005). The parsimony of TAM combined with its predictive power makes it easy to apply to different situations. However, while parsimony is TAM’s strength, it is also the model’s key limitation. TAM is predictive but its generality does not provide sufficient understanding from the standpoint of providing system designers with information necessary to create user acceptance for new systems (Mathieson,1991). TAM provides researchers with â€Å"valid, reliable, and easy to administer scales for the key constructs† (Venkatesh et al. , 2007, p. 268). Due to the reliability of these measurement scales, questions for the survey instrument in this study were adapted from this information. Venkatesh et al. noted the repeatability and validity of TAM. TAM was confirmed to be generalizable over time in various research papers worldwide, testing numerous technologies, diverse settings, and different populations. Predicted validity was also confirmed by a number of research studies investigating intention, self-reported use, and actual use. Ramayah (2006a) and (Venkatesh, 2000) have added depth to TAM model by understanding the determinants of perceived ease of use in their study. The study by (Venkatesh, 2000) explained up to 60% of the variance in system specific perceived ease of use. The study by (Ramayah, 2006a) on determinants of perceived ease of use of e-Library also explained up 65% of the total variance. These studies have some of the highest explanatory power among TAM research conducted in recent years. The TAM is a specific model developed to explain and predict user’s smartphone usage behavior. Derived from the TAM, it predicts user acceptance based on the influence of two use beliefs: Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEU). 2. 3. 1 Limitation of Theory Acceptance Model (TAM) TAM may be criticized, however, for the lack of sufficient explanation about cognitive processes culminating in a user’s acceptance of new technology. TAM still shares the basic premises and components outlined in Ajzen and Fishbein’s Theory of Reasoned Action (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980), but by excluding the attitude construct from the TRA model, TAM discounts the role of attitude in explaining technology acceptance behavior. Venkatesh and his colleagues dropped the construct of attitude from the technology acceptance model (Venkatesh and Davis, 1996; Venkatesh and Davis, 2000; Venkatesh et al. 2003), arguing that the role of attitude in explaining behavioral intention or actual adoption behavior is very limited and is at best a partial mediator in the relationship between salient beliefs and the adoption behavior or intention. We contend that this argument is made without serious theoretical consideration and restricts the search for a comprehensive understanding of te chnology acceptance. 2. 4 Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) The IDT describes the process of technology acceptance by five characteristics of the technology influencing the consumer’s attitude leading to adopting or refusing the technology (Rogers, 1995). The main difference appears to be TAM’s focus on a specific technology whereas IDT recognize the importance of establishing a technology’s likelihood to be adopted in relation to comparable existing technologies (Park Gretzel, 2006). Diffusion of Innovation Theory (DIT or DOI) (Roger 1995) is a well-known conceptual framework to study new products’ diffusion and adoption. The original diffusion model provided a probabilistic approach based on the hazard function, which determines the likelihood that an agent who has remained a non-adopter of an innovative product will become an adopter in the next temporal unit. Rogers [1983] explained the process of innovation diffusion as one which is dictated by uncertainty reduction behaviour amongst potential adopters during the introduction of technological innovations. Even though innovations typically offer its adopters novel ways of tackling day-to-day problems, the uncertainty as to whether the new ways will be superior to existing ones presents a considerable obstacle to the adoption process. To counter this uncertainty, potential adopters are motivated to seek additional information, particularly from their workplace peers [Brancheau Wetherbe, 1990]. In diffusion research theory (Rogers, 1995), diffusion is classified into five stages: innovators, early adopters, the early majority, the late majority, and laggards, with 2. 5%, 13. 5%, 34%, 34%, and 16% of the population respectively. These barriers are closely connected to all kinds of access-related issues, i. e. access to the physical device needed to use a new mobile service, i. e. the smartphone, or access to money to pay for the hardware to use the service, or to pay for the service itself. Innovation Diffusion Theory (IDT) consists of six major components: innovation characteristics, individual user characteristics, adopter distribution over time, diffusion networks, innovativeness and adopter categories, and the individual adoption process [Tornatsky Klein, 1982; Rogers, 1983; Brancheau Wetherbe, 1990; Moore Benbasat, 1991; Taylor Todd, 1995(b)]. According to IDT, the rate of technology diffusion is affected by an innovation’s relative advantage, compatibility, trialability, observability and complexity. Research suggests that all but the last factors have a positive influence on diffusion (Sonnenwald, Maglaughlin and Whitton 2004; Ferle, Edwards and Mizuno 2002). Rogers (1995) defines relative advantage as ‘the degree to which an innovation is seen as being superior to its predecessor’. The IDT posits an array of innovation characteristics that may impact a user’s perception of the innovation preceding adoption of the innovation. As a result, these characteristics presumably affect the speed of innovations being embraced. These attributes further provide a theoretically-based set of socio-behavioral beliefs. Thus, we adopted IDT because of the innovative nature of smartphone devices. Innovation may be defined as a new use of an idea, practice, or object by the unit of adoption. This definition of innovation can be applied to new technology adoptions among students. Rogers defined innovation as a new use of an idea, a practice, or an object by the unit of adoption. The smartphone was introduced in 2000. Thus, we view smartphone devices as recent innovations and employ Rogers’s DOI theory in our study. Researchers have used the theory to better understand whether an individual or an organization will adopt new innovations. 2. Theoretical Framework Theoretical frameworks in quantitative research help to â€Å"provide a conceptual guide for choosing the concepts to be investigated, for suggesting research questions, and for framing the research findings† (Corbin Strauss, 2008, p. 39). Figure 2. 5. 1 Theoretical Framework 6. Independent Variable 2. 6. 1 Perceived Usefulness In Technology Acceptance Model, behavior intention is influenced by both perceived usefulness and attitude. This relationship has been examined and supported by many prior studies (Adams et al. , 1992; Davis et al. , 1989; Hu et al. , 1999; Venkatesh and Davis, 1996, 2000). Perceived usefulness refers to the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance, (Davis, 1989). Many earlier studies have shown that perceived usefulness was the major determinant of attitude towards system use (Langford and Reeves, 1998; Venkatesh and Davis, 1996). Empirical studies have shown that perceived usefulness has a strongly impact on usage than ease of use. Perceived usefulness are existing in the studies of technology to shown that perceived usefulness directly and significantly influences behavioral intention to use smartphone (Chen and Ching, 2002; Chen et al. 2002; Heijden et al. , 2003; Guriting and Ndubisi, 2006; Khalifa and Shen, 2008; Liao et al. , 2007; Lin and Wang, 2005; Luarn and Lin, 2005; Wei et al. , 2009; Lai and Yang, 2009). However, Davis et al. (1989) to suggest that perceived usefulness may impact on behavioral intention to use the technology-based system. H1: Perceived usefulness is positive related to intention to use. H2: Perceived usefulness is positive related to attitude. 2. Perceived Ease of Use Perceived ease of use refers to the extent to which an individual perceived that using a system is easy or effortless (Davis, 1989). Earlier studies revealed that if an individual perceives a system to be easy to use, he/she is more likely to perceive the system to be useful also (Morris and Dillion, 1997). In addition, if an individual perceives the system to be easy to use, the individual is more likely to use the system, especially among novice users. In a test of selling, when consumers perceive that making a purchase from a virtual store is easy to understand and do, they usually continue interacting with that site (Barkhi and Wallace, 2007). However, by the prior literature by Davis et al. 1989) proposed that perceived ease of use is predicts attitude towards the channel, and also an antecedent of perceived usefulness. Technology acceptance model (TAM) (Davis et al. , 1989; Mathieson, 1991; Davis and Venkatesh, 1996; Gefen and Straub, 2000; Al-Gahtani, 2001) determined by perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEOU) relating to the attitude toward use that relates to intention and finally to be havior but there is no direct related with actual use. H3: Perceived ease of use is positive related to intention to use H4: Perceived ease of use is positive related to attitude. 2. 6. 3 Compatibility Compatibility (Park and Gretzel, 2006) is the degree to which in an innovation is perceived as being consistent with the existing values, needs, and past experiences of potential adopters. Compatibility (Gavin J. Putzer, 2010) has a positive effect on the rate of adoption. When a user recognizes that an innovation is compatible with a system, the more the innovation will be adopted. Compatibility (Rogers,1995) refers to ‘the degree to which an innovation is seen to be compatible with existing values, beliefs, experiences and needs of adopters’. In a conjoint analysis directed at the adoption of mobile games, Kleijnen et al. 2004) found that perceived risk, which are often used in extensions of Rogers’ concepts (Ortt, 1998) of complexity, and are also referred to as relative ease of use and compatibility, are important factors in the intention to use of mobile services(eg Smartphone) . According to Kleijnen et al. (2004), this implies that mobile systems (eg Smartp hone) have to be reliable and data-transmission has to be secure, while the systems have to be easy to navigate and fit into the daily routine of users. H5: Compatibility is positive related to intention to use H6: Compatibility is positive related to attitude . 6. 4 Observability Observability (Park and Gretzel, 2006)is the degree to which the results of an innovation is observable to others. Observability (Yangil Park,2010) has a positive effect on adoption. When a user has an opportunity to observe an innovation, the innovation is more likely to be adopted. Observability(Rogers,1995) is the ‘degree to which the results of an innovation are visible’. An innovation factor from the Kwon and Zmud model known as trialability was removed from our model to reduce possible confusion with another innovation factor known as observability. The final pair of characteristics, results demonstrability and visibility, are derived from Rogers’ observability characteristic. Result demonstrability is defined as the tangibility of the results of adopting an innovation, and visibility as the degree to which prospective users see an innovation as being visible in the adoption context [Moore Benbasat, 1991; Agarwal Prasad, 1997]. H7: Observability is positive related to intention to use H8: Observability is positive related to attitude 2. 6. 5 Trialability Trialability (Park and Gretzel , 2006) is the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with before an adoption. Trialability (C Huang,2010) existence negative relationship with the attitude of use. Trialability (Rogers,1995) is the ‘degree to which an idea can be experimented with on a limited basis’. If a person can try out the technology before deciding to accept Smartphone, the person will develop a stronger attitudinal belief about the technology, either in a positive or in a negative way depending on the quality of the new technology (Karahanna et al. , 1999; Venkatesh Brown, 2001; Xia Lee, 2000; Choi et al. , 2002). Therefore, if a user as an opportunity for trial usage before enroll with Smartphone; the person will have positive attitudinal belief and intention to use Smartphone. H9: Trialability is positive related to intention to use H10: Trialability is positive related to attitude 2. 6. 6 Self Efficacy Self-efficacy (SE) refers to individuals’ belief in their ability to perform a specific task in a given situation or context (Bandura, 1977). Bandura (1977) stat es that efficacy expectations—the belief that one can perform an activity in question—are the major antecedent of activity choice and effort. Jengchung Chen, 2010) is recognized to be a more important than the others. Efficacy refers to the belief that an individual has the ability to perform a particular behavior. Compared with competing models, TAM is believed to be more accurate and parsimonious when it is used to predict technology adoption. However, the parsimony of TAM often results in the model being less informative in understanding usage behavior. Due to this limitation, researchers have attempted to extend the TAM framework by encompassing various constructs such as gender, culture, trust, experience, social influence, and self-efficacy. Among those constructs, self-efficacy is recognized to be a more important than the others. Efficacy refers to the belief that an individual has the ability to perform a particular behavior. Self-efficacy has been documented in numerous studies to be an important determinant of PEOU. In the context of web technologies, Agrawal et al (2000) found a positive effect of self-efficacy on both PU and PEOU. Similarly, Ma Liu (2005) found that self-efficacy positively influences PU, PEOU, and the intention to use smartphone. H11: Self Efficacy is positive related to intention to use. . 7 Mediating Variable 2. 7. 1 Attitude According to Antonides et al. , (1998), â€Å"Attitude is the individual predisposition to evaluate an object or an aspect of the world in a favorable or unfavorable manner. † In Fishbein Ajzen’s (1975) formulation, attitudes influence behaviour through behavioural intentions. Past studies indicate that the link between attitude toward the object and behavi our is not always clear. In some cases, attitudes have a direct effect on behaviours (Bagozzi Warshaw 1992) but no effect in Bagozzi (1992). Both PU and PEU are posited as having significant impact on a user’s attitude (AT) toward using smartphones. (Yong-Wee Sek 2010) Based on an analysis of four different types of mobile services, Nysveen et al. (2005b) conclude that, in all four cases, people’s intention to use mobile services as well as their attitude toward the actual use, is affected significantly by the direct motivational influence of enjoyment. Moore Benbasat [1991:196] reminds us, however, that these definitions are, in fact, â€Å"based on perceptions of the innovation itself and not on the perceptions of actually using the system†. As Fishbein Ajzen [1980] concur, attitudes towards an object and attitudes regarding a particular behaviour relating to that object can frequently differ. Attitude towards behaviour can be described as an individual’s subjective forecast of how positive or negative he / she will feel when performing the target behaviour, whereas subjective norm can be viewed as an individual’s perception of the social pressure on him / her to perform the target behaviour [Fishbein Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen Fishbein, 1980]. Furthermore, according to the expectancy value model of attitude [Fishbein Ajzen, 1975], an individual’s attitude towards performing the target behaviour is itself determined by his / her beliefs regarding the consequences of performing the target behaviour, as well as the evaluation of these consequences. Attitude is explained as a function of the combined effect of behavioural beliefs and outcomes evaluations [Mathieson, 1991]. The behavioural beliefs relate to the favourable utilitarian, hedonic and social outcomes that can result from performing the behaviour [Venkatesh Brown, 2001]. Davis et al. 1989) indicated that the key purpose of TAM is to provide a basis to trace the impact of external factors on internal beliefs, attitudes and intentions. Many IT researchers have since used TAM as a basis to explore and identify other determinants and relationships specific to a particular IT usage in different contexts (Venkatesh et al. , 2003). Hence, since the intention of sma rt phone among students is very closely tied attitude, this theory should be directly applied to the adoption of this innovation. (Check-Yee Law 2010) H12: Attitude is positive related to intention to use 2. 8 Dependent Variable 2. 8. 1 Intention to use Intentions are different form attitudes where attitudes are summary evaluations, intentions represent the person’s motivation in the sense of his or her conscious plan to exert effort to carry out a behavior (Eagly Chaiken 1993). Behavioural Intentions (BI) to use is jointly determined by a person’s attitude toward using the system and its perceived usefulness (Shahril Bin Parumo 2010). Behavioural intention is a measure of the strength of one’s intention to perform a specified behaviour (Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). It is correlated with the usage (Davis et al. , 1989) and is a predictor for usage (Szajna, 1996). Purchase intentions are personal action tendencies relating to the product (Bagozzi et al. 1979). Intentions are different from attitudes where attitudes are summary evaluations, intentions represent the person’s motivation in the sense of his or her conscious plan to exert effort to carry out a behavior (Eagly Chaiken 1993). At times, intention is also difficult to measure. For instance, Bagozzi, Baumgartner Yi (1989) commented that when an individual is unclear about his or her intention in regards to some action, there is strong tendency for him to react based on their past actions. Here, the individual is likely to report his or her habit rather than intention when responding to the intention (Warsaw Davis, 1985). Despite issues, purchase intention is an important construct in consumer behavior (Kotler Armstrong, 2003). A previous study conducted by Park and Chen indicated that behavioral intention to use a smartphone was largely influenced by perceived usefulness and attitude toward using a smartphone. The Theory Acceptance Model is the most popular intention-based theories and models that have emerged from this school of thought [Chau Hu, 2002]. CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Introduction The purpose of chapter 3, methodology is to explain the process or the steps taken to answer the research problems. The process may be expanded to include a philosophically coherent collection of theories, concepts or ideas as they relate to a particular discipline of inquiry in this research. Discussion in this chapter will consists of the research model, variables and measurement, population, sample and sampling techniques, data collection technique and techniques of analysis. 3. 2 Research Model 3. . 1 Type of Study This is correlational study. This study was conducted among students in Universiti Sains Malaysia who are personally using smartphones. Hypotheses testing was undertaken to explain the variance in the dependent variables to predict the relationship. We will begin by discussing the relationship that certain events might have to one another whether there is a positive correlation or negative correlation or no correlation. 3. 2. 2 Nature of Study This study was conducted under the non-contrived setting (natural environment). The variables are neither controlled nor manipulated. This is a cross sectional study where data were collected within 2 weeks. Data is only collected from willing students from Universiti Sains Malaysia. 3. 2. 3 Unit of Analysis The unit of analysis is individual who are students using smartphones in USM. 3. 2. 4 Research Site The research sites for this study are individuals who study in USM, Penang. 3. 3 Population, Sample Size and Sampling Technique The population consists of individuals who are students of Universiti Sains Malaysia (main campus) that uses smartphone. The general rule for the of analysis independent variable, sample size must be five-to-one ratio (5:1) of the independent variable, which means that number of respondent must be at least 30. However, based on Hair et al. (1988) he proposed that the acceptable ratio is ten-to-one (10:1) of the independent variable, which means in a research must have minimum 60 respondents. The sampling technique used is non-probability sampling method. Non-probability sampling method is used because only little attempt is made to generate a representative sample. Besides, there is no need to generalize compared to probability sampling and feasibility. Moreover, when there come to limited objectives, non-probability will be a good choice. Judgment method has been chosen as the sampling technique for this study because there is a need to find out whether people that we approach have access to social networking sites before filling up the questionnaire. This ensures credibility of this research. The list of smartphone users among students in Penang cannot be obtained therefore probability sampling could not be done. . 4 Scale and Measurement The questionnaire was divided into 10 sections. Section 1 to 8 is measured using interval scale of measurement. The other two sections, personal profile and internet experience is measured by using nominal and ordinal scale. For section 1 to 8, the respondents were asked to read and respond to all questions according to their level of agreement or disagreement using the 5 point scale. The ratings are as belo w: 1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Neutral 4 Agree 5 Strongly Agree All instruments were adopted from various literatures and were modified for the purpose of understanding people’s reflection when they use smartphones. 3. 4. 1 Independent Variable The independent variable is defined as the presumed cause of some changes in the dependent variable (Robbins, 1998). 3. 4. 1. 1 Perceived Usefulness Perceived usefulness of the individuals was measured on six items using 5-point scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Items were derived from Park Chen (2007). Example of question is â€Å"Using the smartphone would enable me to accomplish tasks more quickly†. 3. . 1. 2 Perceived Ease of Use Six items using 5-point scale was used to measure perceived ease of use of the individuals ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Items were derived from Park Chen (2007). Example of question is â€Å"I would find it easy to get the smartphone to do what I want it to do†. 3. 4. 1. 3 Compatibility This measure was derived from Park Chen (2007) and a total of 3 items was measure using 5-point scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Example of question is â€Å"Using the smartphone will be compatible with all aspects of my studies†. 3. 4. 1. Observability Observability of the individuals was measured on six items using 5-point scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Items were derived from Park Chen (2007). Example of question is â€Å"It is easy for me to observe others using the smartphone in my university†. 3. 4. 1. 5 Trial ability This measure was derived from Park Chen (2007) and a total of four items was measure using 5-point scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Example of question is â€Å"Before deciding on whether or not to adopt the smartphone, I w ould need to use it on a trial basis†. . 4. 1. 6 Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy of the individuals was measured on ten items using 5-point scale ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Items were derived from Park Chen (2007). Example of question is â€Å"I could complete a task using the smartphone if I had seen someone else using it before trying it myself†. 3. 4. 2 Dependent Variable Dependent variables are variable that is measured, predicted, or monitored and are expected to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable. The dependent variable for this study is the intention to use smartphones. 3. 4. . 1 Intention to Use Smartphones Intention to use smartphones was measured by items adopted and validate by Park Chen (2007). It has a total of four items measuring the intention of users to use smartphones. Example of item is â€Å"Assuming I have the smartphone, I intend to use it†. 3. 4. 3 Moderating Variable Moderating variable is a second independent variable, believed to have a significant contributory or contingent effect on the originally stated IV-DV relationship. The moderating variable for this study is attitudes towards using smartphones. 3. 4. 3. 1 Attitudes towards Using Smartphones Four items using 5-point scale was used to measure perceived ease of use of the individuals ranging from â€Å"strongly disagree† (1) to â€Å"strongly agree† (7). Items were derived from Park Chen (2007). Example of question is â€Å"Using the smartphone is would be a pleasant experience†. 3. 5 Questionnaire Design One hundred and twenty five respondents from Universiti Sains Malaysia voluntarily responded and completed the questionnaire. The questionnaire has 10 sections with 55 questions to measure the relationship of those factors and the intention to use smartphones as well as some demography questions. Table 3. 1 depicts that all instruments used in this study had a corresponding Cronbach alpha ;. 693 Table 3. 1 Questionnaire Source and Validity |Variable |Construct |Items |Cronbach | Author | |Independent |Perceived Usefulness |6 |;. 779 |Park Chen (2007) | | |Self-Efficacy |10 |;. 85 |Park Chen (2007) | | |Perceived Ease of Use |6 |;. 764 |Park Chen (2007) | | |Trialability |4 |;. 748 |Park Chen (2007) | | |Observability |2 |;. 693 |Park Chen (2007) | | |Compatibility |3 |;. 99 |Park Chen (2007) | |Dependent |Intention to Use Smartphones |4 |;. 765 |Park Chen (2007) | |Moderating |Attitude towards Using Smartphones |4 |;. 795 |Park Chen (2007) | 3. 6 Data Collection Technique Data for this study was collected through structured questionnaires. The questionnaires were distributed to students in USM, Penang. 3. 7 Statistical Data Analysis The data gathered through questionnaire was subsequently coded and analyzed sing the computerized SPSS (Statistical Software Package for Social Science) software version 16. They were summarized using appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics. 3. 7. 1 Goodness and Correctness of Data Entry Establishing the goodness of data lends credibility to all subsequent analyses and findings (Sekaran, 2003). The main objective is to provide an introductory idea of how good the scales were by checking the central tendency and distribution of the responses. In order to prevent data entry error, data will be checked by running descriptive statistics for minimum, maximum, and count. The mean, range, standard deviation and variance in the data will give a good idea of how the respondents have reacted to items in the questionnaire (Sekaran, 2003). Nevertheless, the missing value does not exhibit whether the data had been entered correctly. This is due to the large amount of variables that need to be keyed in. 3. 7. 2 Factor Analysis The principle concern of factor analysis is the resolution of a set of variables linearly in terms of (usually) a small number of factors. This resolution can be accomplished by the analysis of the correlation among the variables. A satisfactory will yield factors which concern essential information if the original set of variables (Harry H. Harman, 1976). When a researcher has a set of variables and suspects that these variables are interrelated in a complex fashion, then factor analysis can be used to untangle the linear relationships into their separate patterns (Zikmund, 2003). 3. 7. 3 Validity and Reliability Validity becomes an issue whenever we ask: How can we access a concept that we have? Validity test is the degree to which the test actually measures what it claims to measure (Gregory, 1992). Reliability test is the degree to which tests is free from error in measuring and therefore yield consistent results. It is th extent which respondent can provide almost similar answer to the same or approximately the same question the same way each time. Test validity is requisite to test reliability. If a test is not valid, then reliability is moot. Validity test plays an essential role in order to test the goodness of measurement. Validity ensures the ability of a scale to measure the intended concept (Sekaran 2003). However, reliability also very important because reliability deals with the accuracy and precision of a measurement procedure which is the respondent can answer the same or approximately the same questions the same way each time. In short, reliability is the â€Å"consistency† or â€Å"repeatability† of measurement. In order to assure that the variables are measured correctly and make sure that the respondent was understood the lucidness, wordings, interpretation and appropriateness of the questions, the content validity of the questionnaire was established through literature review. Cronbach’s coefficient alpha is the commonly used measure for internal consistency reliability. Cronbach’s alpha assesses the reliability of a rating summarizing a group of test or survey answers which measure some underlying factor. Cronbach’s alpha value that larger than . 70 or . 80 regard as the benchmark for acceptable reliability values (Nunnally and Bernstein, 1994). 3. 7. 4 Descriptive Analysis The analysis aims to provide an overview of the respondents and an insight into their behavioural patterns. Descriptive analysis was not used to analyze gender, race, education and income level. For this data, the frequencies and percentage was used for computation. 3. 7. 5Regression Analysis Regression analysis is used as a statistical tool for the investigation of relationships between variables (Norman R. Draper, Harry Smith, 1998). Multiple regressions are a statistical technique that allows us to predict someone’s score on one variable on the basic of their scores on several other variables. Below are the assumptions of regression analysis. a. Normality assumption Regression assumes that variables have normal distribution. It used to determine whether a random variable is normally distributed. If the histogram appears to at least resemble a bell shape curve, it was assumed that the normality requirement has been met. A bell shape curve will have almost zero mean and value of one for standard deviation. b. Linearity assumption Standard multiple regression can only accurately estimate the relationship between dependant and independent variables if the relationship are linear in nature. Linearity illustrates a relationship between variables that can be described by a straight line passing through the data cloud. c. Homoscedasticity assumption Homoscedasciticity means that the variance of errors is the same across all level of the IV. When the variance of errors differs at different values of the IV, heteroscedasticity is indicated. This assumption means that the variance around the regression line is the same for all values of the predictor variable. d. Independence of Error Term Independence of Error Term means the predicted value is independent of other predicted values. Durbin-Watson statistics was used to validate the independence of error term assumption. Value of Durbin-Watson should fall between 1. 50 and 2. 0, which implies no auto-correlation problem. e. Multicollinearity Multicollinearity is the condition when two or more of the independent variables are highly correlated which will result in an overestimation of the standard deviation of the regression coefficients as an indicator of the relative importance of independent variable. Tolerance above 0. 1, Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) value below 10 and conditi on index below 30 signifies no major multicollinearity problem. f. Outliers In statistics, an outlier is an observation that is numerically distant from the rest of the data. Case wise diagnostics was run to identify any outlier in the sample. Any cases that fell above the standard deviation value of 2. 50 would be dropped. CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS AND RESULT 4. 1 Introduction This chapter represents the result of the study from the statistical analysis conducted on the collected data and hypotheses testing. In the first part of this chapter the presentation would be on the characteristics of respondent profiles. The goodness of measured is determined by analyzing frequency analysis, descriptive analysis and reliability analysis on the measurement. The final part of this chapter would be focused on hypotheses testing, correlation testing and linear regressions. 4. 2 Samples and Profiles 4. 2. 1 Frequency Analysis Table 4. 2. 1: Personal Profile of Respondents |Demographics |Frequency |Percentage | |Gender | | | | Male |43 |34. | | Female |82 |65. 6 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Ethnicity | | | | Malay |46 |36. 8 | | Chinese |65 |52. | | Indian |5 |4. 0 | | Others |9 |7. 2 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Nationality | | | | Malaysian |86 |68. | | Others |39 |31. 2 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Year | | | | First Year |31 |24. 8 | | Second Year |66 |52. | | Third Year |21 |16. 8 | | Fourth Year and Above |7 |5. 6 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Program | | | | Bachelor’s degree (undergraduate) |123 |98. | | Masters |2 |1. 6 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Status | | | | Part Time |17 |13. 6 | | Full Time |108 |86. | | Missing |0 |0 | |Faculty | | | | Management |95 |76. 0 | | Computer |6 |4. 8 | | Technology |4 |3. | | HBP |11 |8. 8 | | Communication |3 |2. 4 | | Chem istry |2 |1. 6 | | Humanities |1 |0. 8 | | Missing |3 |2. | |Live | | | | In Campus |100 |80. 0 | | Outside Campus |25 |20 | | Missing |0 |0 | A total of 125 responses were obtained from 125 questionnaires. According to table 4. 2. 1, the respondents comprised 43 males (34. 4%) and 82 females (65. 6%). 46 (36. 8%) of the 125 respondents were Malay, 5(4. 0%) Indian, 65 (52. 0%) Chinese and other races comprised of 9 (7. 2%). 86 (68. 8%) of the respondents were Malaysians whereas 39 (31. 2%) of them are from other countries. Among the respondents, 31 (24. 8%) of them were First Year students, 66 (52. 8%) of them were Second Year students, 21 (16. 8%) of them were Third Year students and 7 (5. 6%) of them were students form Fourth Year and Above. Besides that, 123 (98. %) of the respondents were undergraduate whereas 2 (1. 6%) of them were master students. 17 (13. 6%) of the respondents were part time students whereas 108 (86. 4%) of them were full time students. In addition, 95 (76. 0%) of the respondents were students from School of Management, 6 (4. 8%) of them were students from School of Computer,4 (3. 2%) of them were from School of Technology, 11 (8. 8%) of them were from School of HBP, 3 (2. 4%) of them were students were students from School of Communication, 2 (1. 6%) of them were students from School of Chemistry, 1 (0. %) of them were students from School of Humanities and 2 (2. 4%) of the data were missing. 100 (80%) of respondents were live in campus whereas 25 (20%) of them were live at outside campus. Table 4. 2. 1. a Internet Experience of Respondents |Demographics |Frequency |Percentage | |Access | | | | Yes |117 |93. | | No |8 |6. 4 | | Missing |0 |0 | | | | | |Where | | | | Home |83 |66. | | Place of employment |13 |10. 4 | | School/ academic institution |21 |16. 8 | | Cybercafe |3 |2. 4 | | Others |5 |4. | | Missing |0 |0 | |Browser | | | | Internet Explorer |40 |32. 0 | | Mozilla Firefox |30 |24. | | Others |32 |25. 6 | | More than one browser |23 |18. 4 | | Missing |0 |0 | |Time | | | | Almost never |2 |1. | | From 0. 5 hours to 1 hour |5 |4. 0 | | 1-2 hours |17 |13. 6 | | 2-3 hours |31 |24. 8 | | More than 3 hours |70 |56. | | Missing |0 |0 | |Often | | | | Less than once a month |1 |0. 8 | | Once a month |1 |0. 8 | | A few times a week |13 |10. | | About once a day |30 |24. 0 | | Several times a day |80 |64. 0 | | Missing |0 |0 | According to table 4. 2. 1. a, 117 (93. 6%) of the respondents have internet access at home while 8 (6. 4%) of them do not have internet access at home. Other than that, 83 (66. %) of the respondents were primarily access internet from home, 13 (10. 4%) of them were primarily access internet from place of employment, 21 (16. 8%) of them were primarily access internet from school or academic institution, 3 (2. 4%) of them were primarily access internet from cybercafe and 5 (4%) of them were primarily access internet from other places. Internet Explorer was the most popular web browser used by respondents which recorded 40 (32%) of respondents following by 32(25. 6%) of them were using others web browser, and 30 (24%) of them were using Mozilla Firefox. 23 (18. %) of the respondents were using more than one browser. On an average day, 70 (56%) of the respondents were spend more than 3 hours on the internet, 31 (24. 8%) of them were spent 2-3 hours on the internet, 17 (13. 6%) of them were spent 1-2 hours on the internet, 5 (4/0%) of them were spent from 0. 5 hours to 1 hour on the internet and only 2 (1. 6%) of them almost never spending their time on the internet. On average, 80 (64%) of the respondents were using internet for several times a day, 30 (24%) of them were using internet for about once a day, 13 (10. 4%) of them were using internet for a few times a week, 1 (0. %) of them was using internet for once a month and another 1 (0. 8%) of them was using internet for less than once a month. 4. 3 Descriptive Analysis The summary of the descriptive statistic of the variables is given in table below. Table 4. 3. 1 Overall Descriptive Statistics of the Study Variables |Variables |Mean |Standard Deviation | |Perceived Usefulness | 3. 4707 |0. 56403 | |Self-Efficacy |3. 216 |0. 44948 | |Perceived Ease of Use |3. 6587 |0. 51145 | |Trialability |3. 5720 |0. 66510 | |Observability |3. 6280 | How to cite Smartphone Usage Among Students, Essay examples

Cloud Computing Data Monitoring and Accessing

Question: Describe about the Cloud Computing for Data Monitoring and Accessing . Answer: Describing Cloud Computing and its effects in organizations Cloud computing plays a major role for data monitoring and accessing for business operations. It is used in both large and small scale business enterprise (Chang, 2015). Cloud computing is the technology in which people store their data an information over the cloud network. Cloud networking can be divided into IaaS, PaaS and SaaS software based on the platform for providing service (Dinh et al., 2013). Most of the business operations are relying on cloud for efficiency. Even in daily lives people are using cloud facilities for their day to day work. For example- If a person is simply updating his or her status on social media, he/she is using the cloud service for storing their update. Email is another cloud service that is used by common people in their daily life. Figure 1: Different types of Cloud Service software (Source: Dinh et al., 2013) Benefits of Cloud computing in business organizations Factors of benefits of cloud computing Its Description Wireless Access to data and information The cloud computing process helps the business in achieving wireless and remote access to the information and data (Jain Paul, 2013). The information stored over the cloud network can be accessed from anywhere. Hence, it provides the facilities of working from anywhere. The business could offer flexible working to its employees. Recovery from disaster There are many cases when the data stored in any commercial desktop gets deleted or lost. The cloud network can be used for storing data for a longer period (Kampas et al., 2016). Hence, even if the computerized system gets down, the data could be accessed from the cloud network. It would serve as the best backup and recovery option for data and information of business organization. Flexibility The cloud based system helps the business with flexibility in operations. The fluctuating bandwidth could be managed by using cloud service (Jain Paul, 2013). Hence, if there is a demand of larger transmission of data, the bandwidth could be increased. Similarly if there is a requirement of faster transfer of data, the bandwidth can be narrowed. Automatic update and addition of new features The cloud network provides update to the services automatically. The end users do not have to take the pain for searching and installing new updates. Hence, it is helpful for saving time of their users. Complete control of document The documents stored over cloud network can be edited, changed and accessed whenever it is required. The business managers can access the data and share them to their shareholders and stakeholders (Kampas et al., 2016). Hence, that data sharing can also be facilitated by using cloud services. Table1: Benefits of Cloud services in a business organization (Source: Garg, Versteeg Buyya, 2013, pp.-1023) Evaluation of advantages and Issues SaaS implication in ABC Payrolls ABC Payrolls could use the cloud based storage system for managing the vast amount of data and information of their business activities. They organize and form payrolls, taxation, and accounting for their clients. ABC Payrolls could use the cloud services for operating their data and regulating them carefully in their business operations (Wang et al. 2012). The advantages and Issues for the SaaS implementation of ABC Payrolls are pointed out below. Advantages of SaaS implication for ABC Payrolls Costing is the most important factor that has role for implication of SaaS in ABC Payrolls. Apart from it there are some other factors that play a significant role in affecting the implication of cloud service in ABC Payrolls. Figure 2: Benefits of SaaS Cloud Service software in ABC Payrolls (Source: Murthy et al., 2013, pp-645) Scalability factor- Cloud network has a large storage capacity. The fluctuating bandwidth could be managed by using cloud service (Erl et al. 2013). Hence, if there is a demand of larger transmission of data for ABC Payrolls, the bandwidth could be increased. Similarly if there is a requirement of faster transfer of data in n ABC Payrolls, the bandwidth can be narrowed. Timing factor- The importance of time factor is very crucial in business operations. The effective duration for any operations can upscale the profit or benefit gained from it (Zissis Lekkas 2012). ABC Payrolls can implement SaaS software of cloud computing for reducing the time consumption of their operations. SaaS require 20% less time consumption for development of application. Responsibility factor- The various data and information stored about the clients of ABC Payrolls is very important for successfully compliance of their goals (Dinh et al. 2013). Hence, the managers have a huge responsibility of managing the data and information. However, the cloud system deployment in ABC Payrolls would be helpful in storing all the data and information sent by the clients would automatically store over the cloud network. Remote access factor- IaaS helps the business in achieving wireless and remote access to the information and data (Garg et al. 2013). Hence, ABC Payrolls can use IaaS for getting access to data from anyplace and anytime. The information stored over the cloud network of ABC Payrolls can be accessed from anywhere. Hence, it provides the facilities of working from anywhere. Issues of SaaS Cloud Service software in ABC Payrolls Issues in implication of SaaS Cloud Service software in ABC Payrolls Description Lack of security The wireless accessibility of the cloud data also result in causing security issues (Kliazovich et al. 2012). The data of ABC Payrolls could be misused by unauthentic access. Performance issues Since all the activities would be dependent on cloud system, the system downtime would affect all activities in ABC Payrolls (Rittinghouse and Ransome 2016). It would decrease the overall performance of the company. Maintenance issues Cloud computing has serious issues for maintenance. It is an advance technology that could not be operated without proper knowledge (Kliazovich et al. 2012). Hence, ABC Payrolls could face some maintenance issue while implying the system. Table 2: Issues of SaaS Cloud Service (Source: Murthy et al., 2013, pp-649) Differentiation of the IaaS migration and implementation process for ABC Payrolls IaaS implication for ABC Payrolls has large benefits for easing their operations. The differences in implementing and migrating the system to IaaS can be understand by analyzing various factors like cost, complexity, performance, reliability, scale and application support. The analysis of these factors for differentiating between the process of migration and implementation of IaaS cloud service in ABC Payrolls has been pointed out below. Cost factor of cloud implication: IaaS migration requires less cost for application when compared to implementation of new cloud system in ABC Payrolls. The cost of implementing new cloud system would be more, as ABC Payrolls would have to pay the amount to the service provider. Thereafter they would have to install all the necessary equipment in their centers. Complexity- The migration of information system to IaaS cloud system in ABC Payrolls is more complex in operation as both cloud and non cloud system has to be operated. ABC Payrolls would have to recruit employees who are capable of managing both the system. Performance- The migration of information system to IaaS cloud server would result in better performance of ABC Payrolls. It would help in retaining some of the facilities of on premise system that has been already installed in ABC Payrolls. Reliability- The process of migration is more reliable than forming new system of IaaS cloud server in ABC Payrolls. It is due to the fact that the data and information is stored in both on-premise system and cloud structure. Scale- The scaling factor for IaaS cloud system is high for ABC Payrolls. However, the migration to cloud network has low scaling factor as the data has to be stored on both the system. Application Support- The IaaS cloud system supports various applications and software. ABC Payrolls can use the compatible applications for structuring their operational planning. Figure 3: Components retained in implementing new IaaS cloud service in ABC Payrolls (Source: Rong et al. 2013, pp- 49) Suggesting best way for introducing IaaS in ABC Payrolls The migration of IaaS cloud services are cost effective, reliable, support various applications and meets the changes in the future demands. ABC Payrolls can migrate to IaaS cloud service for managing the working ethics and social responsibility of the company. The ongoing premise infrastructure would be migrated to IaaS cloud service easily without exhausting much of resources (Gibson et al., 2012). ABC Payrolls can train their current employees to make them aware about the facilities of IaaS cloud service. ABC Payrolls can retain many feature of their on-premise system while migrating to cloud service such as some of their applications, operating system, and middleware. All these factors would be helpful for marinating their runtime of operations and meeting the needs of customers. References Chang, V. (2015).A proposed cloud computing business framework. Nova Science Publisher. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Erl, T., Puttini, R. Mahmood, Z., (2013).Cloud computing: concepts, technology, architecture. Pearson Education. Garg, S.K., Versteeg, S. Buyya, R., (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), pp.1012-1023. Gibson, J., Rondeau, R., Eveleigh, D., Tan, Q. (2012, November). Benefits and challenges of three cloud computing service models. InComputational Aspects of Social Networks (CASoN), 2012 Fourth International Conference on(pp. 198-205). IEEE. Jain, R., Paul, S. (2013). Network virtualization and software defined networking for cloud computing: a survey.IEEE Communications Magazine,51(11), 24-31. Kampas, S. R., Tarkowski, A. R., Portell, C. M., Bhatti, N. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,235,442. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office Kliazovich, D., Bouvry, P. Khan, S.U., (2012). GreenCloud: a packet-level simulator of energy-aware cloud computing data centers.The Journal of Supercomputing,62(3), pp.1263-1283 Murthy, M. M., Ameen, M. N., Sanjay, H. A., Yasser, P. M. (2013). Software Licensing Models and Benefits in Cloud Environment: A Survey. InProceedings of International Conference on Advances in Computing(pp. 645-650). Springer India. Rittinghouse, J.W. Ransome, J.F., (2016).Cloud computing: implementation, management, and security. CRC press. Rong, C., Nguyen, S.T. Jaatun, M.G., (2013). Beyond lightning: A survey on security challenges in cloud computing.Computers Electrical Engineering,39(1), pp.47-54. Wang, C., Wang, Q., Ren, K., Cao, N. Lou, W., (2012). Toward secure and dependable storage services in cloud computing.IEEE transactions on Services Computing,5(2), pp.220-232. Zissis, D. Lekkas, D., (2012). Addressing cloud computing security issues.Future Generation computer systems,28(3), pp.583-592.

The ivory symbolises Essay Example For Students

The ivory symbolises Essay A snake is associated with fear and cold blooded and a feeling of evil Hence giving the river an association with evil. Meaning that Marlow was going to have to travel up a river, which has evil snake like characteristics, this means that the basis of Marlows journey has an evil base to it. When Marlow talking about the river on page 60 he uses repeated words and Hyphens to create a worried atmosphere the reality the reality Marlow is questioning the safeness of the river, he has to be wary of all the increasingly evil things the water could carry to damage the boat. We will write a custom essay on The ivory symbolises specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Marlow talks in a voice as if he were speaking to some one else not narrating the story. The further he moves down the river he is moving closer to Kurtz station but also moving further into the darkness of the earliest times. The darker it gets the further into the river the more evil it is getting and at the center the most evil you can get Kurtzs property aligned with all of his heads. The ultimate of the evil in the novel Ivory: The ivory symbolises the greed of the Europeans. The light is good metaphor is reversed here meaning that the light and supposedly good Europeans are turned over and turn them themselves in to nothing but evil savages just like the natives. Kurtz with all of his heads on sticks is a good example of how they abuse their power. Kurtzs painting The symbol of the painting at the inner station is of a blindfolded woman with her face distorted carrying a lighted torch. The women possibly symbolises the view of the Europeans from the natives point of view this is the reason her face has become distorted because the natives hate the Europeans very much. The lighted torch could easily represent the values that the light Europeans are trying to force onto the natives. The reason she is blind folded is possibly because of the ways that the Europeans dont see what they are doing to the natives and how they dont like it. This is situated in one of the middle stations possibly showing that the ignorance of the Europeans is the middle or heart of most of the problem with the savages.

Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopins Ripe FIgs

Response to Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs,† leaves my mind searching for more. I do not feel satisfied after reading and re-reading this story. A little girl name Babette lives with her godmother Maman Nainaine. Kate Chopin, I believe, is trying to depict the differences between a young girls view on time an older woman views. Babette is a young girl who can’t wait for the figs to ripen. Is this because she wants to eat the figs? No, it is because Maman Nainaine told her she can visit her cousins on the Bayou-Lafourche when the figs have ripened. You can see the seasons changing as Babette is watching the figs close, for any signs of change. They go from seedlings to these beautiful ripe figs, much like the growth of ourselves. We start small and then eventually, after many â€Å"seasons,† we â€Å"ripen.† To a young girl, time passes very slow, but to an older woman like Maman-N, time goes by too fast. As we get older, I feel that we yearn for our yesterdays, and dread the tomorrows. It is just the opposite for someone who is just beginning to â€Å"ripen.† The author states that Babette is â€Å"restless as a humming bird,† while the godmother is â€Å"patient as the statue of la Madone.† This shows that the more â€Å"ripe† we are, the better we are at waiting for something. Can you remember a time when you were young that you had to wait for something? Did time seem to pass slowly? If you had to wait for the same thing now in your more mature state, would it feel the same? I was not given the chance to slowly ripen. Forced to mature at the age of thirteen, I feel cheated. Oh how I would love the chance to be in Babette’s shoes, although Babette would probably long to be in mine. I feel that I am a bruised fruit who was taken from the tree too early. I found this story hard to respond to. Although I can see deeper meanings, I did not feel that I connected with this author. I do not like the ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopin's Ripe FIgs Free Essays on Response To Kate Chopin's Ripe FIgs Response to Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs† Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Ripe Figs,† leaves my mind searching for more. I do not feel satisfied after reading and re-reading this story. A little girl name Babette lives with her godmother Maman Nainaine. Kate Chopin, I believe, is trying to depict the differences between a young girls view on time an older woman views. Babette is a young girl who can’t wait for the figs to ripen. Is this because she wants to eat the figs? No, it is because Maman Nainaine told her she can visit her cousins on the Bayou-Lafourche when the figs have ripened. You can see the seasons changing as Babette is watching the figs close, for any signs of change. They go from seedlings to these beautiful ripe figs, much like the growth of ourselves. We start small and then eventually, after many â€Å"seasons,† we â€Å"ripen.† To a young girl, time passes very slow, but to an older woman like Maman-N, time goes by too fast. As we get older, I feel that we yearn for our yesterdays, and dread the tomorrows. It is just the opposite for someone who is just beginning to â€Å"ripen.† The author states that Babette is â€Å"restless as a humming bird,† while the godmother is â€Å"patient as the statue of la Madone.† This shows that the more â€Å"ripe† we are, the better we are at waiting for something. Can you remember a time when you were young that you had to wait for something? Did time seem to pass slowly? If you had to wait for the same thing now in your more mature state, would it feel the same? I was not given the chance to slowly ripen. Forced to mature at the age of thirteen, I feel cheated. Oh how I would love the chance to be in Babette’s shoes, although Babette would probably long to be in mine. I feel that I am a bruised fruit who was taken from the tree too early. I found this story hard to respond to. Although I can see deeper meanings, I did not feel that I connected with this author. I do not like the ï ¿ ½...

CURRENT LEGAL EVENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CURRENT LEGAL EVENT - Essay Example The subscribers alleged violation of the Sherman Act through the decision by the company to undertake clustering. In effect, the corporation’s decision limited competition for its services. It subsequently imposed unfair charges on services to its customers. The plaintiffs included the corporation’s customers. The plaintiffs pledged for a class action in the case. In response, the Supreme Court rejected the plaintiffs’ pledge on a five-four ruling that favored the corporation. The court issued its ruling on the case on March 27, 2013. The majority opinion in the case referred to the class action as unacceptable. This was on grounds that the plaintiffs never provided sufficient reasons to prove that the damage were quantifiable on a class-scale. The only compensation that the plaintiffs would claim from the respondent was that which accrued from compromised over builder competition by the corporation’s actions. The ruling in the case appeared as among the greatest shield that the court grants to companies and corporations against class actions as well as human rights suits. Pro-business court decisions, definitely, have effects on business. The ruling has notable implications on securities class actions that are invaluable in regulating the operations of corporations, companies and other businesses. Antitrust class actions play a central role in keeping corporations and other businesses from violating the rights of customers through overcharges and possible monopoly. The decision was a works against ensuring proper competition in business in the U.S. The plaintiffs including both current and former subscribers to the company claimed the clustering eliminated healthy competition. This would have detrimental effects on the rights of consumers to ensure companies and service providers do not exploit them through such conducts as overcharges. It has a negative effect on business in the U.S sin ce it entails the violation of

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay Example In a contract law, there are two types of terms that are the express terms and the implied terms. Express terms generally mean the terms that in specific have been mentioned orally or in writing and agreed upon by both parties involved in the contract during the time when the contract is being made. On the other hand, implied terms are different from expressed terms. Both parties may have not mentioned these implied terms in the contract. However, sometimes they are included because the contract would not make any sense commercially without them. The verbal agreement When buying the van, you stated that you wanted a van that could carry around four to five large items of furniture. You also stated that the previous van that you used to carry could handle loads of ton up to one tone and a cubic capacity of 200 feet. However, the seller did not meet the conditions that you stated. He stated that he had a van like this but it is clear evident that he did not meet your expectations. Acco rding to section 14(3) of the sales act of goods, it clearly states that if the buyer expresses his purpose of the goods understood to the seller, then it is the duty of the seller to make sure that the goods, which will be given, fit the purpose that is intended. It should be noted that if it is reasonable for the buyer to rely on the expertise of the seller then would the terms apply (Sales of Acts goods 1979). Therefore, the seller, who is Alan Daly, needs to compensate you for that. Additionally, in the verbal agreement, when you telephoned Mr. Alan Daly, he ascertained that he would look at the complications of the vehicle if it were delivered to him before the end of the week. This means that you had to deliver the vehicle before the week ended. However, you failed to do so. Instead, you did not telephone Mr. Alan Daly to notify him that you could not take the van to his garage and that you should both fix a suitable day for the vehicle to be examined. The written terms In the contract, it is evident that the seller, which in this case was Mr. Alan Daly, wanted to evade himself from problems, which he knew were to emerge eventually in the contract. In addition, he gave you the wrong capacity of the car. In clause 4(b), he stated, â€Å"any warranty or condition as to the condition, description, quality or fitness for particular purpose is hereby excluded from this contract for sale†. This is clearly evident that both parties, that is you, Mr. Winston and Mr. Alan agreed that there were no warranties of the car to be returned regardless of any major issue occurring. However, the verbal agreement that you had with Mr. Alan clearly out do the written terms (Atiyah et al. 2010). The oil leak It is obvious that Mr. Alan sold you a car that did not meet the requirements of the vehicle that you wanted. Concerning the oil leakage, upon you, Mr. Winston inspecting the vehicle, you noticed a small patch of oil on the forecourt where the van was standing. Ho wever, when Alan was asked, he said that the oil spill had occurred probably when they had topped up the oil and water levels when servicing the car. According to the report of the mechanic, it was reported that the oil leak might have caused this entire problem. However, a problem might occur here because Mr. Alan advised you to take the van to his garage to be serviced but you did not. However, this can be out ruled since when buying the vehicle, you explained to Mr. Alan that the vehicle would be used for delivering and collecting furniture’s and this was very crucial in the smooth running of your business. Mr. Alan should be in a position to repair for your vehicle that was all because of the oil spill since according to part v, it is clearly stated that the seller should be able to repair or replace the good in a reasonable time. Defective Clutch and brakes Mr. Alan sold the van knowing that it had these problems. Mr. Alan can be charged of murder because he sold you

Cold War Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cold War Politics - Essay Example Calling war a ‘savage human behavior’ the general reiterates the importance of establishing an effective security policy; a term that obviously cannot be used interchangeably with a ‘war policy’. It should be noted that a security policy does not necessarily act as a cause of war. In fact, war is decided by the quality of interaction between nations and their eagerness to reach an agreement. (p. 209) General Marshall makes allusions to the World War II to elaborate upon this aspect however, the most interesting point remains that he describes the institution of war from the perspective of Germany and Japan only; the very nations that constituted the opposing side of the Second World War. He states that war is the doctrine of Japan and Germany; the people, who he believes have given a lot of thought to this. Though, his speech was meant to shed light on the lessons that the United States learned as a result of the Second World War, however, comically enough the first half of the speech sounds more or less like an attack on the central powers; the side that not only suffered a humiliating defeat in the great war but were also heavily penalized. Though, the penalty is nothing compared to the number of lives that were lost but stigmatizing an entire nation does nothing to help either. General Marshall seeks to get approval to shape their military strategy and security policy as a mode of protecting America and its citizens from aggressive nations such as Germany and Japan. He makes several statements that not only implicate Japan and Germany as the sole perpetrators of war but also portrays America as a helpless nation. This aspect of Marshall’s speech depicts that the history of war is in fact framed by its victors that largely portray themselves as the innocent party.

FBD For Types Of Support And Analysis Mechanics Essay

FBD For Types Of Support And Analysis Mechanics Essay In any problem where you are considering the forces acting on an object which is a large percentage of the problems in physics one of the first steps is to create a free-body diagram to depict the situation. Meaning A free-body diagram is a picture of the physical situation you are analyzing, which depicts all of the relevant forces acting on the objects of interest. Forces are vector quantities and should, therefore, be indicated with a magnitude and direction in the free-body diagram Coordinate Systems FBD When creating a free-body diagram, you must orient it in a coordinate system, typically a two-dimensional one. This is almost always done so that the force of gravity is pulling straight down (in the negative-y direction). Its generally preferred to orient things so that any horizontal movement will be in the positive-x direction (i.e. to the right), although so long as you maintain the same orientation you will get physically identical results. Types of Forces Acting on FBD The majority of forces in free-body diagrams, at least as they relate to classical mechanics, come from the application of Newtons Three Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation. Free-body diagrams of other situations can involve other forces. When creating the free-body diagram of an electron, for example, you would want to include electromagnetic forces acting on it. 1.Gravitational Force You will almost always consider the gravitational force, or weight, in a free-body diagram. The magnitude of this force is calculated by mass (m) times the acceleration of gravity (g), typically treated as a constant of 9.8 m/s2 on the Earths surface. In the case of an air born object, such as a basketball player who is jumping, the only force that is typically acting on it while in the air is the weight of the object. 2.Normal Force The normal (or perpendicular) force is the contact force the surface an object rests or moves on against the object. It is directed perpendicular to the surface. In most cases, these surfaces are depicted in a free-body diagram as horizontal, with gravity down, so the normal force is directed upwards and is equal to the total force into the surface. 3.Frictional Force An object resting on a surface interacts with the surface. The force of this interaction is the frictional force, or just friction. Friction requires a bit more of an in-depth discussion than what I will present here, but for the moment I will state that friction is: Always parallel to the surface the object is interacting with. Always in the opposite direction of the force moving an object across the surface. Proportional to the normal force. 4.Tension Often, free-body diagrams will depict one component of a larger system. When we discuss a man pulling a stone slab with a rope, and were interested in the motion of the slab, we dont care about all the forces acting on the man. As such, what we really care about is the tension the force that the rope is exerting on the stone slab. Tension at any point is the magnitude of the force at that point, so tension at the point where the rope meets the object is what we care about. Assumptions The free body diagram reflects the assumption and simplifications made in order to analyze the system. If the body in question is a satellite in orbit for example, and all that is required is to find its velocity, then a single point may be the best representation. On the other hand, the brake dive of a motorcycle cannot be found from a single point, and a sketch with finite dimensions is required. Force vectors must be carefully located and labeled to avoid assumptions that presuppose a result. For example, in the accompanying diagram of a block on a ramp, the exact location of the resulting normal force of the ramp on the block can only be found after analyzing the motion or by assuming equilibrium. Other simplifying assumptions that may be considered include two-force members and three-force members. Steps for making FBD Step 1: Identify the object or system and isolate it from other objects clearly specify its boundary.Step 2: First draw non-contact external force in the diagram. Generally it is weight.Step 3: Draw contact forces which acts at the boundary of the object or system. Contact forces are normal reaction, friction, tension and applied force. In a Free Body Diagram, internal forces are not drawn, only external forces are drawn. FBD EXAMPLE These are simplified representations of an object (thebody) in a problem, and include force vectors acting on the object. This body isfreebecause the diagram will show it without its surroundings. Lets take Figure 1 to be a pictorial representation of our problem: a boat on the floor, with a rope pulling it. First we will represent the boat the body in our problem as a (really) simplified figure, a square Gravity The first force we will investigate is that due to gravity, and well call it thegravitational force. We know that the acceleration due to gravity (if on Earth) is approximatelyg= 9.8 m/s . The force, by Newtons Second Law isF= mg Wheregis the acceleration due to gravity. Lets add this to our diagram. Note that the force vector, labeledFmg, points downward, as this is the direction in which the gravitation force acts. Note that this force is commonly calledweight. This weight (mg) is different from our everyday use of the word weight (which is known in physics as mass). Normal Thenormal forceone which prevents objects from falling into whatever it is they are sitting upon. It is always perpendicularto the surface with which an object is in contact. For example, if there is a crate on the floor, then we say that the crate experiences a normal forcebythe floor; and because of this force, the crate does not fall into the floor. The normal force on the crate points upward, perpendicular to the floor. It is called the normal force becausenormalandperpendicularmean the same thing. The normal force is always perpendicular to the surface with which a body is in contact. For a body on a sloped surface (say a ramp), the normal force acting on that body is still perpendicular to the slope. In the case of our problem, the ship, we will pretend the ship is being pulled on a floor. (This is because on water there is the complication with another force, buoyancy. For simplicitys sake, we will ignore buoyancy by putting the ship on the floor.) Lets add the normal force to our FBD (Figure), and represent the normal force with the script N,. Friction Related to the normal force is thefrictional force. The two are related because they are both due to the surface in contact with the body. Whereas the normal force was perpendicular to the surface, the frictional force is parallel. Furthermore, friction opposes motion, and so its vector always points away from the direction of movement. Friction is divided into two categories, static and kinetic. These are represented by the script F, with a subscript s for static friction:, and a subscript k for kinetic friction,. As its name suggests,static frictionoccurs when the body is not moving (i.e. static). It is the force which makes it difficult to start something moving. On the other hand, kinetic frictionoccurs when the body is in motion. This is the force which causes objects to slow down and eventually stop. Friction is usually approximated as being proportional to the normal force. The proportionality constant is called the coefficient of (static or kinetic) friction. The constant is represented asfor static friction, andfor kinetic friction; it depends on the actual surface with which the body is in contact. To summarize, Weve added (kinetic) friction to our free body diagram, Figure . Push and Pull Another force which may act on an object could be any physical push or pull. This could be caused by a person pushing a crate on the floor, a child pulling on a wagon, or in the case of our example, the wind pushing on the ship. We will label the push force caused by the wind withFpush Tension Tension in an object results if pulling force act on its ends, such as in a rope used to pull a boulder. If no forces are acting on the rope, say, except at its ends, and the rope itself is in equilibrium, then the tension is the same throughout the rope. We will use the letterTto represent tension in a free body diagram. If we say that our ship is being pulled by a rope at its front end, then we can add this force to our FBD (Figure). And there we have it: all the forces acting on our ship has been labeled in Figure. This is the complete FBD for our problem of a ship being pulled along a floor by a rope Types of supports Structural systems transfer their loading through a series of elements to the ground. This is accomplished by designing the joining of the elements at their intersections. Each connection is designed so that it can transfer, or support, a specific type of load or loading condition. In order to be able to analyze a structure, it is first necessary to be clear about the forces that can be resisted, and transferred, at each level of support throughout the structure. The actual behaviour of a support or connection can be quite complicated. So much so, that if all of the various conditions were considered, the design of each support would be a terribly lengthy process. And yet, the conditions at each of the supports greatly influence the behaviour of the elements which make up each structural system. SUPPORT TYPES The three common types of connections which join a built structure to its foundation are: roller or frictionless,pinned andfixed. A fourth type, not often found in building structures, is known as asimple support. This is often idealized as a frictionless surface). All of these supports can be located anywhere along a structural element. They are found at the ends, at midpoints, or at any other intermediate points. The type of support connection determines the type of load that the support can resist. The support type also has a great effect on the load bearing capacity of each element, and therefore the system. 1. ROLLER SUPPORTS Roller supports are free to rotate and translate along the surface upon which the roller rests. The surface can be horizontal, vertical, or sloped at any angle. The resulting reaction force is always a single force that is perpendicular to, and away from, the surface. Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long bridges. This allows the bridge structure to expand and contract with temperature changes. The expansion forces could fracture the supports at the banks if the bridge structure was locked in place. Roller supports can also take the form of rubber bearings, rockers, or a set of gears which are designed to allow a limited amount of lateral movement. 2. FRICTIONLESS SUPPORTS Frictionless surface supports are similar to roller supports. The resulting reaction force is always a single force that is perpendicular to, and away from, the surface. They too are often found as supports for long bridges or roof spans. These are often found supporting large structures in zones of frequent seismic activity. The representation of a frictionless support includes one force perpendicular to the surface. 3. PINNED SUPPORTS Pinned support can resist both vertical and horizontal forces but not a moment. They will allow the structural member to rotate, but not to translate in any direction. Many connections are assumed to be pinned connections even though they might resist a small amount of moment in reality. It is also true that a pinned connection could allow rotation in only one direction; providing resistance to rotation in any other direction. The knee can be idealized as a connection which allows rotation in only one direction and provides resistance to lateral movement. The design of a pinned connection is a good example of the idealization of the reality. A single pinned connection is usually not sufficient to make a structure stable. Another support must be provided at some point to prevent rotation of the structure. The representation of a pinned support includes both horizontal and vertical forces. 4. FIXED SUPPORTS (CANTILEVER) Fixed supports can resist vertical and horizontal forces as well as a moment. Since they restrain both rotation and translation, they are also known as rigid supports. This means that a structure only needs one fixed support in order to be stable. All three equations of equilibrium can be satisfied. A flagpole set into a concrete base is a good example of this kind of support. The representation of fixed supports always includes two forces (horizontal and vertical) and a moment. 5. SIMPLE SUPPORTS Simple supports are idealized by some to be frictionless surface supports. This is correct in as much as the resulting reaction is always a single force that is perpendicular to, and away from, the surface. However, are also similar to roller supports in this. They are dissimilar in that a simple support cannot resist lateral loads of any magnitude. The built reality often depends upon gravity and friction to develop a minimal amount of frictional resistance to moderate lateral loading. For example, if a plank is laid across gap to provide a bridge, it is assumed that the plank will remain in its place. It will do so until a foot kicks it or moves it. At that moment the plank will move because the simple connection cannot develop any resistance to the lateral loal. A simple support can be found as a type of support for long bridges or roof span. Simple supports are often found in zones of frequent seismic activity. IMPLICATIONS and REACTIONS The following figure shows the analysis of the type of support condition on the deflection behavior and on the location of maximum bending stresses of a beam supported at its ends Simple Beams that are hinged on the left and roller supported on the right. Reference: Book concerned: 1) Engineering Mechanics by D.S. KUMAR 2) Engineering Mechanics by RAJPUT 3) Mechanical Sciences, G. K. Lal and Vijay Gupta, Narosa Publishing ouse Web Site concerned: 1) http://web.mit.edu 2) http://eta.physics.uoguelph.ca 3) http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca